PROSTATE CANCER

Prostate cancer family care points Prostate cancer symptoms for the next performance of urinary tract obstruction, frequency, novel, difficulty urinating, urinary and fine, s...

Prostate cancer pathology knowledge [Transfer and disseminated] The higher the degree of malignancy of prostate cancer, early local infiltration will be clear and lymph node ...

[Summary]

Prostate cancer is the male reproductive system common malignancy. The prostate is located below the bladder of a chestnut-shaped gland, in the middle through the urethra. It is the secretion of sperm liquid nutrient solution is a component of semen. Prostate cancer accounts for about genitourinary system tumors 4%. The old men is one of the more common cancers. Prostate cancer almost occurred in the lateral part of the prostate, was of slow growth potential, therefore, no tumor a very clinical performance. The benign prostate enlargement and prostatitis produce similar symptoms and cancer. Prostate cancer may be related to age, high-fat, vasectomy resection, genetic factors, smoking, heavy metal contact, inappropriate sexual life and the STD.

Clinical manifestations】 【

Early symptoms: difficulty urinating, was gradual, starting only urine fine line change, the future development impeded urination, urination and effort, not the final performance for the line drops of urine; Frequency, urgency, hematuria; Voiding pain or burning sensation; The lower back, pelvis or upper thighs of the row pain.

Advanced symptoms: bone marrow depression, tumor metastasis, vice tumor syndrome, with a high calcium, pain, high uric acid, pleural leakage, swelling of the legs.

[Treatment]

Prostate cancer treatment, mainly surgical treatment, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immune therapy. The selection of the specific method, in accordance with the patient's age, general condition, cancer and the transfer of local circumstances.

(1) Surgical treatment:

1) prostate cancer radical operation, covering the prostate gland and prostate capsule;

2) removal of pelvic lymph nodes;

3) Transurethral resection of the prostate, bladder neck obstruction for lifting.

(2) Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy of prostate cancer has more than 60 years of history, mainly in the following ways:

1) in the radiotherapy;

2) the organization radiotherapy, and in this way often radical prostatectomy with or combined with pelvic lymphadenectomy;

3) systemic radiotherapy: to a certain extent, can alleviate the pain of bone metastasis and reducing disease development.

Prostate cancer is the vulnerable elderly male morbidity. In Europe and the United States cancer is the leading cause of death of men. According to statistics, the Nordic prostate cancer incidence rate of cancer of a male. In the United States the incidence of prostate cancer after lung cancer, malignant cancer of men Habitat second. Although the incidence rate in China than Europe and the United States for the low countries, but in recent years statistics, the incidence is increasing.

Prostate tuberculosis

Prostate tuberculosis male reproductive system is the highest incidence of tuberculosis in the common diseases, urinary tuberculosis is common following the onset.

Prostate cancer is the male reproductive system common malignancy. Our incidence is lower than Europe and the United States, but nearly 20 shows a rising trend. The incidence of prostate cancer in parallel with age, according to statistics, few men under the age of 50; 50-60 years the incidence of prostate cancer 1 / 3; Above the age of about 70 1 / 2; Over the age of 80 accounted for about 3 / 4.

The cause of prostate cancer has not yet entirely clear, and substantial clinical data suggest that the hormone. Probably in estrogen and androgen ratio imbalance, especially androgen changes. Some studies found that sexual activity among high, the higher incidence of prostate cancer and in Gu nine patients after resection rarely; In cirrhotic patients, hepatic estrogen on the ability of inactivated declining estrogen levels rise, the incidence of prostate cancer is not high. In addition, data show that environmental pollution, gonococcal infections, prostate hyperplasia, excessive drinking of coffee and alcohol, also with the occurrence of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer occurred in the posterior lobe, but also sometimes on both sides of the incidence. Prostate cancer is adenocarcinoma, representing about 97%, while squamous cell carcinoma is rare. In the early stages of prostate cancer may be no symptoms, tumor development of the prostate gland increases grow to a certain size, and the bladder neck obstruction occurred when symptoms. At this time there are frequency, urgency, urinary slow, difficulty urinating, or even symptoms such as urinary retention, a few patients have hematuria or a transfer symptoms. When oppression or violation of the surrounding blood vessels or lymph nodes, could arise lower extremity edema, or bone metastasis occurred back pain, limb paralysis.

Prostate digital rectal examination in the diagnosis of prostate cancer effective way. As the number of cancer occurred in the posterior lobe of the prostate and both sides of the edge, the hard texture of the lesions, nodules touched digital rectal potential energy. Prostate cancer examination showed gland increases, nodular hard, uneven, central sulcus disappear glands fixed, and sometimes invading the wall. If the right of men over the age of 45 do digital rectal examination census, the early detection of prostate cancer and improve the cure rate. If that seized in the discovery of a prostate sclerosis, regardless of their distribution sites, highlighting the gland or not, whether the rules should think of the possibility of disease.

The higher the degree of malignancy of prostate cancer, early local infiltration will be clear and lymph node metastasis and tumor often violated seminal vesicle and bilateral lesions, few violations of the rectum. Along the lymphatic metastasis to the nearby pelvic lymph nodes, then transferred to the asylum, the total skeleton, abdominal aortic adjacent mediastinal lymph nodes, and supraclavicular lymph nodes. Prostate cancer can fool to bone metastasis, the most common is the pelvis, lumbar spine, femur and ribs. Blood Road also can be transferred to the lung, liver, kidney, brain and other organs.

If prostate cancer diagnosis as early detection, treatment can be achieved better results. Common clinical examination: (1) ultrasonic examination. (2) X-ray inspection. (3) radionuclide scan. (4) CT. (5) MRI. (6) prostatic fluid and urine cytology. (7) acid phosphatase (PAP) Determination. (8) prostate specific antigen (PSA) Determination. (9) Syrup protein (r - Sm) Determination. (10) prostate biopsy.

Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is over 50 years of age the most common male malignancy, aged 10 years each by the increasing incidence. The United States each year about 209,900 new cases of people (1997 estimate). Prostate rare sarcoma, seen mainly in children. Undifferentiated prostate cancer, transitional cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma can also see that but the control method is used poor. Hormones in the incidence of adenocarcinoma sure, but with sarcoma, undifferentiated carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma is almost certainly irrelevant.

Prostate cancer is usually adenoid, and normal prostate similar histological structure. Proliferation of small and large nucleolus. Under the grading structure, common Gleason score, (the most popular) grade (1 to 5) with secondary (pop) classification (1 ~ 5); from then can be divided into two (differentiation good) to 10 (very poor differentiation). table 233-1 phases.

Symptoms, signs and diagnosis

Prostate cancer generally slower development, can be asymptomatic. There will be advanced disease bladder outlet obstruction or ureteral obstruction symptoms or hematuria. Transferred to the pelvis, ribs and vertebrae can cause pain. Locally Advanced Prostate cancer can spread to the performance of the seminal vesicle sclerosis, glands fixed to the side.

Digital rectal examination found abnormal transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) shows hypoechoic lesion or serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in prostate cancer should be suspected. However, histological diagnosis be confirmed, is the most commonly used transrectal ultrasound guided transrectal biopsy, the patient may biopsy , without anesthesia. there nerve peripheral lymphoid infiltration of diagnostic value. occasionally removed from surgery for suspected benign prostatic increased in malignant transformation can be found in diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer often caused osteoblast bone metastasis. In the presence of prostate hard stone-like when bone scan or X-ray examination found that often have diagnostic significance.

TRUS can be used for tumor staging. Particularly the tumor capsule and seminal vesicle against penetration of information. Roy test (an enzyme method) found elevated serum acid phosphatase with cancer metastasis particularly closely related to lymph node metastasis. This enzyme in benign prostatic hyperplasia (prostate massage after mild force higher), multiple myeloma, Gaucher disease and hemolytic anemia may also be increased. Research is RT-PCR method in the detection of prostate cancer staging and prognosis of the estimated value.

Although acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels decreased after treatment, recurrence, higher PSA is monitoring tumor response to treatment and progress of the most sensitive indicators. However, the PSA in 30% to 50% of patients benign prostatic hyperplasia (under the prostate small and obstruction level) and 25% to 92% of prostate cancer (according to tumor size) were moderately higher, so early detection and staging of disease role yet to be assessed. PSA levels were significantly elevated tumor capsule, suggested that the spread or metastasis. update of free antigen and combine antigen method can reduce the ratio of the number of cancer patients biopsy.

Digital rectal examination, palpable and stone-like lumps or nodules suggested that malignant prostate, with granulomatous prostatitis, prostate stones, or other less common diseases of the prostate differentiation. But normal digital rectal examination and prostate cancer can not be ruled out.

Many patients may be given the long-term local control, or even cured. But the administration can be a lot of factors such as tumor grade, stage and PSA levels before treatment, even for a partial clinical prostate cancer patients. Tumor-level low, confined to the organ survival rate of patients with prostate and substance cancer is the same age group. some localized prostate cancer in elderly patients, especially well-differentiated, may need treatment (for example, be observed), the risk of death due to other causes than of prostate cancer. but most patients choose radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy.

For younger patients, radical prostatectomy may be the best, be a long life expectancy, the risk of urinary incontinence in the smallest (about 2%). About 50% of patients can maintain erectile function (eg, at least you can retain a nerve plexus). Radiotherapy may have similar the results, particularly in the treatment of patients with low levels of PSA. the standard radiation therapy in general to seven weeks with 70Gy (7000rad) exposure. 3D technology to safely increase the exposure amounted to CAT (8000rad), preliminary data show that higher local control rate. interstitial radiation (radiotherapy implants seeds of) whether to have the same effect yet to be assessed.

Asymptomatic advanced prostate cancer or partial transfer of patients using hormone therapy, joint or combined with radiotherapy useful auxiliary. Hormone therapy rarely use of exogenous estrogen, a cardiovascular thromboembolic complications and dangers. Bilateral Testicular resection or procuring the release of luteinizing hormone may hormone stimulants serum same decline of testosterone.

Some patients with anti - androgen increase in the total blocking androgen useful. Symptomatic patients bone metastasis, local radiotherapy is often tolerated in nature. Prostate cancer hormone invalid no standard treatment methods; Under study of poisons cells and biological agents may have palliative effect and prolong survival. But they are more the use of glucocorticoids alone the superiority not been confirmed.

Prostate cancer civil remedies

A prescription

Composition: 15 grams of Astragalus Dangshen 12 grams of Xian Lu spleen Sweet 12 grams of six famous Ji Congrongtongbian six days of 12 grams of Medlar restraint Shouwu 12 grams of pangolin 15 grams Achyranthes 12 restraint rhubarb 6 grams speculation Huangbai 10 grams Zhimu six grams of soil Poria 15 grams aescinate spent 12 grams of a 15 Hedyotis diffusa 12 grams Hang Baishao Zhigancao 6 grams grams 

Function: Bushen Qi, Qi - Sanjie.

Indications: prostate cancer. Modified: hematuria, and increase Xiaoji, Ecliptae grass, raw land, such as winter Ejiao hemostasis; Urine impeded, and Shen Xiang, DX, Taiwan Lindera aggregata; Increased urination, and pain Corydalis, Wang will not stay, Tri, Ezhu; Urine Yellow Cloud, Coke under hot and humid, and Plantago, with notices , Pink, Desmodium styracifolium, talc, and other seed Bisie.

Prostate cancer prevention diet light

The incidence of prostate cancer is very complex factors, the known risk factors, including age, race, heredity, diet, vasectomy, smoking, obesity and other diseases such as prostate.

Age: mainly occurs in older men

Prostate cancer mainly occurs in older men, the United States has reported a group of 50 men over the age of the autopsy about 30% of the prostate cancer were over the age of 80, 50%.

Genetic: Please note family history

A male family history of prostate cancer, the incidence rate of prostate cancer will be greatly increased.

Dietary factors: total calorie intake control

The risk factors, the most significant is the prevention of prostate cancer induced by dietary factors. Research shows that too much fatty food intake will be increased incidence of prostate cancer and soy protein diet will reduce its incidence.

The San Francisco Chinese and Japanese immigrants in the incidence of prostate cancer is 3-7 times its own people, a very important factor is the fatty food people eat more than their own. Because of excessive fat intake will lead to increased cholesterol synthesis, and further lead to the synthesis of cholesterol-based androgen to grow, and androgen ratio of testosterone to increase prostate cancer is an important risk factors. Now that total calorie diet in the proportion of fat to 10% -20% better.

Prostate cancer Asian countries with a lower incidence of soybean protein food intake more relevant. As such foods are rich in phytoestrogen, and its chemical structure of the human body similar to estrogen, androgen have some effect on. Of course, the prostate cancer induced by dietary factors far beyond that. In protocatechuic acid such as green tea or fresh vegetables and fruits in vitamin E and selenium and composition, can inhibit the incidence of prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer prevention diet be summed up in five points: First, the total food calories in fat percentage of less than 20%; Two daily food intake of 20 to 40 grams of soy products; 3 is 200 micrograms of selenium daily; Four vitamin E daily 400-800 international units; Five more are drinking green tea. Three of them, 42 can also be used often eat more fresh vegetables and fruit instead.

Other: Please regular exercise

Although a few studies that vasectomy acceptance of the probability of prostate cancer will increase, but most of the studies do not support this view. Also a study of benign prostatic hyperplasia, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, radiation or sexually transmitted virus may increase the incidence of prostate cancer. Risk factors associated with the old men need vigilance to abstain from unhealthy diet and living habits, regular exercise may have on prostate cancer prevention meaningful.

The European Institute of urinary update prostate cancer clinics Urological Institute Europe (EAU) in the first prostate cancer treatment guidelines published in 2001. In the past few years, whenever affec...